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The game is set in a fictional land inhabited by creatures called Zoombinis. In the narrative, a group of Zoombinis have become lost in a mountain range. The player is asked to lead a rescue party of Zoombinis to find the group. The specific puzzle Mark and Uri are playing is called the Aquacube. The player must transport the Zoombinis to an island on one side of a body of water using an underwater pipe system.

The system of pipes is shaped like a cube Figure l. Each of the comets of the cube contains a bubble. All but two of the bubbles contain the Zoombinis that must be moved to shore.

One of these two bubbles contains a white light Figure l, corner l , the other contains a yellow creature known as a Fleen Figure l, corner 8.

The object of this level is to move the light through the pipes to the bubbles that contain Zoombinis. When the light is moved to a bubble containing Zoombinis, the Zoombinis in that bubble are moved to shore; however, if the light 1 The names used are pseudonyms.

But it is also math that children can apply to problem-solving situations in all areas ofthcir lives. Figure 1. Numbers identifying each comer of the cube also identify the order in which Mark and Uri moved the white light excepting number 8. Each ofthe three levers corresponds to one pair ofdirections. The initial task for the player is to discover through trial and error which levers correspond to which pair of directions?

The direction in which the light will move depends not only on the lever activated, but also on the location ofthe light before activation. For example, in Figure I the light is located in corner 1. This means that the light can only move in three of the six possible directions i.

The Aquacube level is challenging not only because the player has to avoid the Fleen but because the player has a limited number of opportunities to activate the levers. The six circles beneath the levers serve as indicators ofthe number of tries the player has -l left. When the player has exhausted one try, one ofthe circles turns red.

Using trial and error to collect evidence is an important first step. With the first try, the only option is to guess, by pressing a lever and observing the result. When a player detemwines, lbr example, that "the first lever movesthe light up and down. Now one must plan carclillly, remembering that there are a limited number of moves. The corpus was generated as part of a four month, qualitative study ofthe role that non-verbal communication plays in the development intersubjectivity between adults and children jointly engaged in com- puter game playf Videos were gathered using one video camera positioned above and behind the computer monitor displaying the computer game.

Screen recording software was used to simultaneously capture activity on the computer screen. In addition to video recordings of undergraduate-student interactions, the data set included my own field notes and those written by undergraduate vistors to LCM including Mark's who were enrolled in the practicum during the period that the study was conducted.

These field notes were analyzed for text describing a under- graduate experiences participating in the specific instances of game play that were analyzed; b prior interactions between the undergraduate and the child who par- ticipated in the game play; c undergraduate perspectives on leaming, development, and teaching; and d undergraduate perspectives on the child with whom they en- gaged in thejoint play.

This field note data was gathered to build the cultural-histor- ical knowledge base necessary for analyzing and interpreting the specific episodes of game play. Mark explains Uri's behavior in part by drawing on memories of his own childhood, writ- ing that a child who just left school for the day would be put off by having to go somewhere else to do what that child sees as more schoolwork.

Additionally, during these early weeks at LCM, Mark describes Uri as frustrated with his failures to sues cessfully complete some video games; as needing to "get his confidence back up"; as someone who is "not the most outgoing"; as needing help focusing; as someone who rushes through his school work "l was a little suspicious because this would be the 4th time. The choice of ZMR as the thcal game was driven by the tact that a it was one of the most frequently played games at LCM by both undergraduates and children and th given the clearly dt-ned problem solving tasks required to complete each ofthe ZMR game levels, it provided a way to assess the degree to which the undergraduate and thc youth shared a situation definition Wertsch l Finally, l drew on concepts from linguistic anthropology participation lramcwork and interactional stances Goodwin as analytic tools for cod- e - ing the undergraduate-child interactions to identity the tensions and their resolutions see Lccusay 20 I 3.

One factor that ushered in these changes was differences in cultural knowledge between Mark and Uri. Furthermore, Uri intro- duced Mark to Caesar Chavez, the famous Mexican American labor leader and civil rights activist.

Mark's field notes describe these moments with admiration for Uri. He begins describing Uri as a "smart kid. On each of these occasions their interactions began with Mark assisting Uri with homework and ended with the two collaboratively playing one of the computer games available at LCM. Uri had played ZMR before, including the Aquacube level, numerous times on his own. The video record ofthis February 7"' episode begins with Uri explaining to Mark that the Aquacube level is "the hard part.

Quitting and skipping ahead in the Aquacube level involves leaving behind the Zoombinis that have not made it to shore; this action will eventually result in losing the game. At the hrst sign of failure Uri attempts to skip this level, but Mark encour- ages him to continue and complete the level despite Uri's noticeable frustration.

Mark also appears frustrated. Not only does he initially have trouble establishing the goals and mechanics ofthe unfamiliar game, but he has difficulty getting Uri to persist in completing the level. These observations provide the context for the critical session to follow. Studied as a process of negotiating a com- mon ground of engagement Matusov l , the interaction unfolds in a series of discrete segments.

Robert Lecusay: Building Zones of Proximal Development with Computer Games 21 Segment l: Explanation before Action Just prior to Uri making his iirst move, Mark comments that "we gotta hgure out what the levers do" and asks him what the lever he plans to activate lever A is "gonna do?

Mark simultaneously performs a similar gesture and remarks with some emphasis, "okay, that one moves you this way. Again, Uri does not reply but simply activates the lever. This move also leads to the rescue of two more Zoombinis. Segment 2: Learning Strategy vs. June 23, June 2, The Tournament of Bast now live in the Philippines! Now Corp. Tencent and Qualcomm collaborate to develop mobile gaming hardware and software August 2, The most anticipated new mobile games coming in May 19, Top 12 most hyped upcoming mobile game titles expected to launch in January 11, July 16, July 11, Cons: -Fairly uninspired gameplay.

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